哪种陆基防空(GBAD)解决方案是最好的?
雷达制导? 激光制导的? 远程? 短程? 在选择基于导弹的GBAD解决方案时有多种选择. 那么，哪个系统是最有效的?
Ground-based air defence (GBAD) is one of the most powerful strategies available for armed forces defending territory and combatting aerial threats. 具有交战和摧毁飞机能力的, drones and missiles using munitions fired from the ground can stop the enemy from achieving aerial dominance – and turn the course of battles and wars.
所以, 能够指定一种类型的GBAD系统优于所有其他系统将是非常方便的. To 说 that a particular missile system or a certain operating range was optimal and that all other systems were redundant.
然而，现实——就像战斗情况一样——是复杂的. 事实是，没有一个GBAD解决方案具有被认为是“最好的”所需的所有属性。. 只有当一系列地面系统, 每个都有各自的优点和缺点, 联合使用，武装部队能够完全驯服空中威胁吗.
那么，有哪些不同类型的GBAD系统可用呢? 每个人都带来了什么属性? 以及如何将它们结合起来削弱空中优势?
而“地面防空”一词广泛包括弹幕气球之类的东西, 伪装和干扰机, 大多数“主动”GBAD系统旨在通过使用导弹或炮弹摧毁空中目标.
了解可用的不同解决方案的一个有用方法是考虑它们如何锁定目标. 一般来说, the systems used to ensure the missile or projectile connects with its target can be divided in four categories: non-guided; radar guided; infrared guided; and laser guided.
不可制导系统
非制导系统可能是最简单的选择. These typically involve rapid-fire guns that are used to fire conventional shells – such as armour piercing rounds – at aerial target. 枪管比机关枪大但比野战枪小, 它们可以用来击落直升机和无人机等空中威胁. 操作员借助电光跟踪瞄准目标. 这种系统的缺点包括范围有限(通常低于3,000米, 有限的精度和差的容忍度管理目标转向或操纵偏离航线.
雷达制导导弹
接下来是雷达制导导弹系统. These rely on the use of radio waves to establish a clear radar picture of exactly where their intended target is located. 采用“主动雷达制导”, the missile itself is fitted with a radar system which helps it track the target and make adjustments to its own flight path to increase the chance of an impact. 采用“半主动寻的”系统, 导弹使用一个被动探测器来拾取被目标反射的雷达信号. 这个信号是由外部源产生的, normally a tracking radar deployed at the same place as the missiles launch system Both approaches can be extremely effective in destroying targets at ranges of many tens of kilometres, 不管天气状况如何. 然而，雷达制导系统容易受到安装在飞机上的雷达干扰机的影响. 这种干扰机干扰雷达信号, 使导弹失去对目标的视线, 使之无用.
红外制导
接下来是红外制导导弹，它依赖于所谓的“被动寻的”方法. 这种导弹利用了飞机发动机通常会产生大量热量的事实, 创造一个独特的热特征. 安装在导弹本身的红外传感器帮助它识别并锁定目标, 只要目标改变航向，就调整飞行路线. 和主动雷达系统一样, infrared-guided missile are suitable for “fire and forget” use and will keep pursuing the target independently once fired. 然而，就像雷达系统一样，它们也会被对抗手段所欺骗. Flares dropped by aircraft will create new heat signatures that confuse such missiles and put them off course.
指挥瞄准线
最后一种方法是激光制导. 远不如雷达和红外系统常见, 激光制导系统依赖于从火点发射的“激光制导光束”. This laser pointer remains firmly locked in the target as it moves through the sky and a laser detector fitted on the missile enables it to follow the beam. An onboard processor makes adjustments to the missile’s flight path using control fins to ensure a successful impact.
激光制导GBAD解决方案的主要例子是 十大正规博彩网站评级RBS 70系统. 便携式(便携式), it can be assembled and 读y for use in just 45 seconds and is highly effective at ranges of up to nine kilometres. 重要的是, 不像雷达制导和红外制导导弹系统, RBS 70导弹不会被雷达干扰器或信号弹所欺骗. 只要激光束保持在目标上，导弹就可能完成它的工作.
然而，即使是出色的武器也有一些局限性. 而雷达和红外系统则是一炮而过, RBS 70 ng在前一枚导弹找到它的目标之前不能重新发射.
多样性的力量
然而，每种GBAD制导系统都有其优点和缺点, 将它们结合起来可以产生真正出色的结果. In situations where multiple missiles are likely to be required in quick succession it can be useful to have fire-and-forget solutions at hand. 同时, 在可能的情况下，喷气式战斗机将构成空中威胁的一部分, 一种有效的解决方案, 比如RBS 70 ng, 带来了传统制导系统无法提供的巨大优势. 与此同时, 在击败无人机和直升机等简单的空中威胁方面，火炮系统可能会发挥作用.
The same rule – that a diverse range of solutions brings the best results – also applies when one considers range.
不同的范围和优势
Ground-based air defence is commonly divided into three main ranges: short range for systems capable of bringing down targets between zero and 10 kilometres away; 媒介 range for solutions effective up to 50 kilometres from the target; and long range for systems capable of covering more than 50 kilometres.
远程系统——例如美国的爱国者系统——是令人生畏的武器. 他们有很大的覆盖范围，并有能力摧毁各种空中威胁, 包括喷气式战斗机. 但是远程导弹系统也有一些弱点. The relatively high cost of both the launcher and missile make long-range systems a poor choice of weapon for destroying small, 一次性无人机——这是西方敌人越来越普遍的武器选择. 他们对雷达制导的依赖带来了其他问题. 为一个, the curved nature of the earth’s surface creates radar shadow zones when radar systems are used to scan locations many kilometres away. 这意味着如果空中威胁离地面很近, 说, 小于1000米, 它可以潜在地避免被远距离GBAD系统探测到. 与此同时, modern fighter aircraft very often carry sophisticated countermeasures to manage the threat from radar-guided missiles. 由于发射装置和导弹的大尺寸，远程系统部署也非常缓慢.
中程GBAD
Medium range GBAD systems share many of the strengths – and also many of the failings – of long-range systems. 中等范围的解决方案, 例如俄罗斯的山毛榉M2系统, might have an extended range of 45 to 50 kilometres and be highly effective against a wide range of aerial threats. 但同样，这种系统的费用往往很高. 再一次。, 地球曲率和雷达阴影是获取远距离目标时的问题. 此外，导弹的雷达干扰和相对较慢的部署时间也是问题所在.
短程GBAD
短程GBAD系统也有局限性. 它们没有大型系统的覆盖范围长，有些系统的覆盖范围只有3000米. 许多导弹采用红外制导系统，可被军用飞机上的对抗手段所欺骗. But they bring benefits in terms of agility and fast deployment and don’t suffer as much from the radar shadow effect as long-range systems. A number of short-range systems are man-portable meaning they can go where no long-range system could ever go – off road, 进入荒野地区, 在高楼林立的城市地区的屋顶上. The smaller size of short-range GBAD systems means they are less likely to be sighted during satellite reconnaissance, 提供出其不意的因素，可以证明是致命的敌人的空中威胁.
此外，RBS 70 ng系统还具有许多其他近程系统所不具备的优势. 它的有效射程是令人印象深刻的9公里, 对任何胆敢进入射程的飞机构成致命威胁. 如前所述，它还使用激光制导，使其不受干扰.
分层防空
The secret to achieving truly effective air defence is to use these different systems in concert and with other technologies to create layered aerial defence.
远程系统可以用来提供坚实的防御骨干, 帮助监测和保护大的地理区域, 特别关注高价值资产, 尤其是在点对点冲突中. 这些远程GBAD系统可以, 反过来, 得到中程解决方案的支持, 这将增加机动性和覆盖率. 通过使用优质的短程解决方案, armed forces can provide high levels of coverage to assets on the move and overcome issues such as radar shadow.
我们的RBS 70 ng解决方案汇集了一系列功能，以实现高质量的近距离防空. Missiles fired by the system are capable of achieving Mach 2 and the solution is effective at altitudes of up to 5000米. 导弹摧毁目标后的重新装填时间少于5秒.
RBS 70 ng具有一系列旨在增强操作人员体验的功能. 集成, 高分辨率热成像允许昼夜功能, 而先进的线索可以改善反应时间和目标获取. 自动跟踪器在交战期间协助操作者，并增加命中概率. 同时，内置的视频记录允许事后回顾.
总的教训很清楚. 当今有效防空的秘密在于将若干系统的长处结合起来. 寻求最佳结果的武装部队应该长期联合起来, 媒介, 和短程GBAD系统, 包括多种多样的制导技术, 并确保RBS 70 ng是组合的一部分.
更多关于埃米尔·霍尔姆的报道
埃米尔河中沙洲
负责导弹系统的市场和技术销售. Former officer in the Swedish Army; from squad leader to Deputy Battery Commander in 空气 Defence Regiment. 2011年起在陆基防空部队担任预备役军官.